语法

语法点：过去完成时 (Past Perfect)

过去完成时表示"过去的过去"：在过去某个时间点或某个过去动作之前，已经完成的动作。它总是需要一个过去的参照点。本课中作者走进经理办公室（一般过去时）时，钱已经丢了（过去完成时）：I had just lost £50。讲故事时，一般过去时推动情节，过去完成时用来回溯更早的事情。常与 just、already、before、by then 等词连用。

结构

形式	结构	例子
肯定	主语 + had + 过去分词	I had lost the money.
否定	主语 + had not (hadn't) + 过去分词	I had not found it.
一般疑问	Had + 主语 + 过去分词?	Had the money been stolen?
常用副词	had + just / already / never + 过去分词	I had just lost £50.

与一般过去时的关系：先发生的动作用 had done，后发生的动作用 did。 When I entered the office, I had already lost the money.（先丢钱，后进办公室）

课文中的例句

[句 2] I had just lost £50 and I felt very upset. — had just lost：在感到难过（felt）之前刚刚丢了钱。
[句 1] I entered the hotel manager's office and sat down. — 一般过去时推动故事，是句 2 的时间参照点。
[句 3] 'I left the money in my room,' I said, 'and it's not there now.' The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing. — 直接引语中用一般过去时 left，因为说话时是从"现在"看过去。
[句 7] It contained £50. — 一般过去时，与 had lost 形成对照：先丢了钱，后来信封里装着钱。

补充例句

When the girl came in, the manager had already started to complain. 女孩进来时，经理已经开始抱怨了。
I had left the envelope on the desk before I went out. 我出门之前把信封放在了桌上。
By the time I found the money, I had lost all hope. 等我找到钱时，我已经完全绝望了。

易错点

❌ I have just lost £50 and I felt very upset. → ✅ I had just lost £50 and I felt very upset. 参照点 felt 在过去，要用 had，不能用 have。
❌ I had just lose £50. → ✅ I had just lost £50. had 后面必须用过去分词。
❌ Yesterday I had lost £50. → ✅ Yesterday I lost £50. 只有一个过去动作、没有"更早"的参照时，用一般过去时即可。
❌ I had just lost £50 and I had felt very upset. → ✅ I had just lost £50 and I felt very upset. 两个动作有先后时，只有先发生的用过去完成时。

逐句语法分析 · 9 句

1I entered the hotel manager's office and sat down.
我走进旅馆经理的办公室，坐了下来。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语 and 动词过去式
- entered 和 sat 是两个先后发生的过去动作，都用一般过去时
- manager's 是名词所有格
- sat 是 sit 的过去式
一般过去时叙述故事的开始，是后面过去完成时的参照点。
2I had just lost £50 and I felt very upset.
我刚刚丢了50英镑，心里非常难过。
过去完成时 + 一般过去时 (Past Perfect; Simple Past) · 主语 + had + just + 过去分词 + 宾语 and 主语 + 动词过去式 + 形容词
- had just lost：在 felt 之前刚刚发生
- just 放在 had 和过去分词之间
- feel upset 中 feel 是系动词，后接形容词
本课重点句。丢钱发生在感到难过之前，所以丢钱用过去完成时，难过用一般过去时。
3'I left the money in my room,' I said, 'and it's not there now.' The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing.
“我把钱放在房间里了，”我说，“可现在不见了。”经理深表同情，但也无能为力。
一般过去时（直接引语内一般过去时 + 一般现在时）(Simple Past) · '主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语,' I said, 'and 主语 + is not + 地点.' 主语 + was + 形容词, but 主语 + could do + nothing
- 直接引语中 left 用一般过去时，it's not there now 用一般现在时
- I said 插在引语中间
- could do nothing 意为"无能为力"
直接引语保留说话人当时的时态。经理的反应用一般过去时叙述。
4'Everyone's losing money these days,' he said.
“这些日子人人都在丢钱，”他说。
现在进行时（引语内）+ 一般过去时 (Present Continuous in quote; Simple Past) · '主语 + is + 现在分词 + 宾语 + 时间状语,' 主语 + said
- Everyone's = Everyone is，是现在进行时
- these days 意为"如今"，与现在进行时连用
- everyone 作单数
引语中用现在进行时表示当前一段时间的普遍现象。he said 放在引语之后。
5He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.
他开始抱怨这个邪恶的世界，却被一阵敲门声打断了。
一般过去时 + 一般过去时被动 (Simple Past; Simple Past Passive) · 主语 + started + 不定式 + about + 宾语 but + was + 过去分词 + by + 名词
- start to do 意为"开始做"
- was interrupted 是被动语态，省略了重复的主语 he
- a knock at the door 意为"敲门声"
两个过去动作：开始抱怨，然后被打断。被动部分的执行者是 a knock。
6A girl came in and put an envelope on his desk.
一个姑娘走了进来，把一个信封放在他的桌上。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + 动词过去式 + in and + 动词过去式 + 宾语 + on + 地点
- came 是 come 的过去式
- put 的过去式仍是 put
- 两个动作按顺序发生，都用一般过去时
按时间顺序叙述的两个动作，无需过去完成时。
7It contained £50.
里面装着50英镑。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语
- contained 意为"装有"，是及物动词
- it 指代 the envelope
简短的一般过去时句子，说明信封里装的东西。
8'I found this outside this gentleman's room,' she said.
“我在这位先生的房间外面捡到的，”她说。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · '主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语 + outside + 地点,' 主语 + said
- found 是 find 的过去式
- gentleman's 是名词所有格
- outside 是介词，意为"在……外面"
女孩用一般过去时说明她刚刚发现钱的经过。
9'Well,' I said to the manager,'there is still some honesty in this world!'
“啊，”我对经理说，“这个世界上还是有诚实可言的！”
一般过去时 + 一般现在时（引语内）(Simple Past; Simple Present in quote) · 'Well,' 主语 + said to + 人, 'there is still + 名词 + in + 地点!'
- say to sb：say 后接人要加 to
- there is still 意为"仍然有"
- honesty 是不可数名词
引语内用一般现在时表达一般事实。said to the manager 说明说话对象。

练习 · 44 题

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1. I ____ just ____ £50 and I felt very upset.
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2. When I entered the office, I ____ the money already.
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3. When the girl came in, the manager ____ to complain about this wicked world.
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4. The girl said she ____ the envelope outside the gentleman's room.
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5. I ____ the money in my room before I went out.
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6. ____ the writer's money been stolen?
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7. By the time I found the money, I ____ all hope.
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8. I entered the hotel manager's office and ____ down.
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9. The manager was ____, but he could do nothing.
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10. He started to complain but ____ by a knock at the door.