语法点:现在完成时与一般过去时 (Present Perfect vs Simple Past)
现在完成时 (have/has + 过去分词) 强调过去的动作与"现在"有关系:结果还在、经历到现在为止、或动作从过去持续到现在。一般过去时只说"过去某个时间发生了什么",和现在无关。判断时看时间状语:just / already / since / so far / ever 等用现在完成时;last week / in 1990 / yesterday / once 等明确的过去时间用一般过去时。本课先用现在完成时介绍 Fawcett 船长"已经"做了什么,再用一般过去时讲具体的几次经历,两种时态交替出现,是最典型的对比。
结构
| 现在完成时 | 一般过去时 | |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定 | He has flown passengers to many places. | He flew to Birmingham last year. |
| 否定 | He has not (hasn't) flown there. | He did not (didn't) fly there. |
| 疑问 | Has he flown there? | Did he fly there? |
| 常见时间词 | just, already, yet, ever, never, since, so far | yesterday, last week, in 1958, once, ago, then |
课文中的例句
- [句 1] Captain Ben Fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and has begun a new service. — 现在完成时,强调"买了、开始了"这两个结果现在仍然有效。
- [句 5] Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains. — 讲"第一位乘客"这件具体的过去事情,用一般过去时 was / flew。
- [句 6] Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places. — since then 是现在完成时的标志,表示从那时到现在的经历。
- [句 7] Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park. — once / on another occasion 指过去的某一次,用一般过去时 landed。
- [句 8] Captain Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman. — just 与现在完成时连用,表示"刚刚"发生。
- [句 9] ...Captain Fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous. — 对上一句"拒绝"的具体说明,转回一般过去时。
补充例句
- The plane has just landed on the snow. 飞机刚刚在雪地上着陆。
- Last month the captain flew a doctor to a lonely island. 上个月船长把一位医生送到了一座孤岛。
- I have never seen such an unusual taxi before. 我以前从来没见过这么奇怪的出租车。
易错点
- ❌ He has landed on the roof last week. → ✅ He landed on the roof last week. — 有明确过去时间 last week 时必须用一般过去时。
- ❌ Since then, he flew passengers to many places. → ✅ Since then, he has flown passengers to many places. — since then 表示"从那以后直到现在",要用现在完成时。
- ❌ Captain Fawcett has just refuse a request. → ✅ Captain Fawcett has just refused a request. — have/has 后面必须接过去分词,不是动词原形。
- ❌ The plane has been carry seven passengers. → ✅ The plane can carry seven passengers. — 表示能力用 can + 动词原形,不要乱套完成时。