语法

1The whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been lost.

整个村子很快就得知有一大笔钱丢了。

一般过去时 + 过去完成时被动 (Simple Past + Past Perfect Passive) · 主语 + learnt + that 宾语从句 (主语 + had been + 过去分词)

• learnt 是 learn 的过去式，也可写 learned
• had been lost 是过去完成时被动，丢钱发生在"得知"之前
• a large sum of money 意为"一大笔钱"

主句用一般过去时叙述，从句用过去完成时被动，表示钱在村民得知之前就已经丢了。

2Sam Benton, the local butcher, had lost his wallet while taking his savings to the post office.

当地的肉店老板萨姆·本顿在把积蓄送往邮局的路上丢了钱包。

过去完成时 (Past Perfect) · 主语 (同位语) + had lost + 宾语 + while + 现在分词短语

• the local butcher 是 Sam Benton 的同位语
• had lost 是过去完成时主动，交代更早的背景
• while taking = while he was taking，省略了主语和 be

过去完成时说明丢钱包早于故事主线。while 后接 -ing 短语，主语与主句一致时可省略。

3Sam was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it was not returned to him.

萨姆确信钱包一定是被村里的某个人捡到了，但钱包并没有被送还给他。

一般过去时 + 情态动词完成式被动 (Simple Past + Modal Perfect Passive) · 主语 + was sure + that 从句 (主语 + must have been + 过去分词 + by…), but + 被动否定句

• must have been found 表示对过去的肯定推测：一定被捡到了
• by one of the villagers 指出施动者
• was not returned 是一般过去时被动的否定

本课核心句。must have been + 过去分词把情态推测和被动结合起来；后半句用 was not returned 形成对比。

4Three months passed, and then one morning, Sam found his wallet outside his front door.

三个月过去了，然后有一天早上，萨姆在自家前门外发现了他的钱包。

一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 时间状语 + 主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语 + 地点状语

• passed 和 found 都是主动的一般过去时
• Three months passed 用时间做主语，表示"三个月过去了"
• one morning 是过去时间状语

两个并列的一般过去时分句推进情节，主动语态，因为动作的执行者（时间、Sam）是明确的。

5It had been wrapped up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost, together with a note which said: 'A thief, yes, but only 50 per cent a thief!'

钱包用报纸包着，里面装着他丢失的钱的一半，还附着一张字条，上面写着：“是个贼，没错，但只是百分之五十的贼！”

过去完成时被动 + 一般过去时 (Past Perfect Passive + Simple Past) · It had been + 过去分词 + and + it contained + 宾语 + 定语从句 (he had lost) + 定语从句 (which said…)

• had been wrapped up 是过去完成时被动，包好发生在被发现之前
• he had lost 是省略了 that 的定语从句，修饰 the money
• which said 修饰 a note

第一个分句是过去完成时被动，第二个分句用主动的 contained。两个定语从句分别修饰 money 和 note。

6Two months later, some more money was sent to Sam with another note: 'Only 25 per cent a thief now!'

两个月后，又有一些钱寄给了萨姆，还附着另一张字条：“现在只是百分之二十五的贼了！”

一般过去时被动 (Simple Past Passive) · 时间状语 + 主语 + was sent + to + 间接宾语 + with 短语

• was sent 一般过去时被动，寄钱的人不明所以不提
• some more money 是不可数名词短语，谓语用单数 was
• Two months later 表示"两个月后"

典型的施动者未知的被动句。money 不可数，所以 be 用 was。

7In time, all Sam's money was paid back in this way.

过了一段时间，萨姆的全部钱都以这种方式还了回来。

一般过去时被动 (Simple Past Passive) · In time + 主语 + was paid back + 方式状语

• was paid back 是短语动词 pay back 的被动式，back 保留
• In time 意为"最终、到时候"，不是 on time
• all Sam's money 作整体，谓语用 was

短语动词变被动时副词 back 紧跟过去分词。In time 是本课重要短语。

8The last note said: 'I am 100 per cent honest now!'

最后一张字条写道：“我现在是百分之百诚实的人了！”

一般过去时 + 一般现在时 (Simple Past + Simple Present) · 主语 + said + 直接引语 (I am + 表语 + now)

• said 引出直接引语，引语内容保持原时态 am
• 100 per cent honest 中 per cent 作副词修饰形容词
• now 与现在时 am 呼应

引述部分用一般过去时 said，引号内是原话，保留一般现在时。