语法

语法点：过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)

过去完成进行时 (had been doing) 表示在过去某个时间点之前，一个动作已经持续了一段时间，并且往往一直延续到那个时间点。它强调动作的“持续过程”，常和 for + 时间段、before / when + 过去时从句连用。与过去完成时 (had done) 相比，过去完成时强调“已经完成”，过去完成进行时强调“一直在做、持续了多久”。本课描写大火之后的情形，多处用它说明消防员、飞机、树木在某个过去时刻之前持续做了多久。

结构

形式	结构	例子
肯定	S + had been + doing	Firemen had been fighting the fire for three weeks.
否定	S + had not (hadn't) been + doing	It hadn't been raining for a month.
疑问	Had + S + been + doing?	How long had the planes been planting seed?

常见搭配：for + 时间段（for nearly a month）、before / when + 一般过去时从句、by then。

课文中的例句

[句 1] Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. — 过去完成进行时：在“控制住火势”这个过去时刻之前，灭火已经持续了近三周。
[句 7] The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. — 过去完成进行时 + when 一般过去时：下雨之前播种已持续近一个月。
[句 9] In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil. — 定语从句中的过去完成进行时，强调树木在那里生长了几个世纪。
[句 2] A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. — 对比：过去完成时 had covered，只说明“过去的过去”这一事实。
[句 8] By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. — 对比：过去完成时 + already，强调动作已完成。

补充例句

The firemen had been working all night before the fire was put out. — 大火被扑灭之前，消防员已经工作了一整夜。
It had been raining for days when the floods began. — 洪水开始的时候，雨已经下了好几天。
The villagers had been waiting for the rain for weeks, so they were glad to see it. — 村民们盼雨盼了好几周，所以见到下雨很高兴。

易错点

❌ Firemen were fighting the fire for three weeks before they could get it under control. → ✅ Firemen had been fighting the fire for three weeks before they could get it under control. —— 强调“过去某时之前已持续多久”要用过去完成进行时，不用过去进行时。
❌ The planes had planting seed for a month. → ✅ The planes had been planting seed for a month. —— had 后必须加 been 再接 -ing。
❌ The planes had been planting seed for a month when it had begun to rain. → ✅ …when it began to rain. —— when 引导的从句表示较晚发生的动作，用一般过去时即可。
❌ The grass had been taking root by then. → ✅ The grass had already taken root by then. —— “生根”是已完成的结果，不是持续的过程，应用过去完成时。

逐句语法分析 · 9 句

1Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control.
消防队员们同这场森林大火搏斗了将近三个星期，才把火势控制住。
过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous) · 主语 + had been + doing + for 时间段 + before 从句（一般过去时）
- had been fighting 强调灭火持续了近三周
- before they could get it under control 用过去时，是持续动作的终点
- get… under control 意为“控制住”
本课核心句：在“控制住火势”之前，灭火动作已经持续了很久。
2A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around.
不久之前，参天大树还覆盖着方圆数英里的乡野。
过去完成时 (Past Perfect) · 时间状语 + 主语 + had + 过去分词 + 宾语 + 范围状语
- had covered 表示“过去的过去”的状态
- a short time before 意为“不久之前”
- for miles around 表示范围
大火之前树木覆盖乡村，这一事实先于叙述的过去时间，用过去完成时。
3Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills.
如今，荒凉的山丘上，温热的地面仍在冒着烟。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · Now + 主语 + still + 动词过去式 + 地点状语
- rose 是 rise 的过去式
- still 表示动作仍在持续
- desolate 意为“荒凉的”
叙述大火之后当时的情景，用一般过去时。
4Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
冬季即将来临，这些山丘威胁着周围的村庄，可能带来毁灭，因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤，还会引起严重的水灾。
过去进行时 + 一般过去时 + would（过去将来） · S + was coming on and S + threatened…, for S + would not only… but would… as well
- was coming on 是过去进行时，表示冬天正在来临
- for 在此是连词，意为“因为”
- would 表示从过去看将来会发生的事；not only… but… as well 并列
多个时态并用：过去进行时描写背景，would 表示过去将来的可能后果。
5When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly.
大火最终被扑灭之后，林业当局订购了好几吨一种生长很快的特殊草籽。
过去完成时被动语态 + 一般过去时 · When + S + had been + 过去分词, 主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语 + 定语从句（would）
- had been put out 是过去完成时的被动语态
- at last 意为“终于”
- which would grow quickly 定语从句，would 表过去将来
火被扑灭在前，当局订购草籽在后，所以从句用过去完成时。
6The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.
飞机把大量的草籽喷洒在地面上。
一般过去时被动语态 (Simple Past Passive) · 主语 + was + 过去分词 + 地点 + 方式 + by + 施动者
- was sprayed 是被动语态
- in huge quantities 意为“大量地”
- by aeroplanes 指出施动者
草籽是被喷洒的，用一般过去时的被动语态。
7The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
飞机播种了将近一个月，这时开始下雨了。
过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous) · 主语 + had been + doing + for 时间段 + when 从句（一般过去时）
- had been planting 强调播种持续了近一个月
- when it began to rain 是持续动作被打断的时刻
- for nearly a month 是持续时间
本课核心句：下雨之前播种已持续近一个月，用过去完成进行时。
8By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
然而到那时，草籽在许多地方已经生根了。
过去完成时 (Past Perfect) · By then + 主语 + had already + 过去分词
- had already taken root 表示到那时已经完成
- by then 意为“到那时”，常与过去完成时连用
- take root 意为“生根”
强调“生根”已经完成，用过去完成时而不是进行时。
9In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
在这片几百年来一直生长着参天大树的地方，一片片绿色已开始出现在烧黑的土壤上。
过去完成时 + 定语从句中的过去完成进行时 · In place of + 名词 + which had been + doing + for 时间段, 主语 + had begun to + 动词原形
- which had been growing there for centuries 是过去完成进行时的定语从句
- had begun to appear 是过去完成时
- in place of 意为“代替”
定语从句强调树木持续生长了几个世纪，主句说明绿色已开始出现。

练习 · 44 题

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1. Firemen ____ the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control.
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2. The planes ____ seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
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3. The planes had been planting seed for a month when it ____ to rain.
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4. By then, however, in many places the grass ____ root.
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5. In place of the great trees which ____ there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear.
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6. How long ____ the firemen ____ the fire before it was put out?
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7. When the fire ____ at last, the forest authorities ordered several tons of grass-seed.
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8. A short time before, great trees ____ the countryside for miles around.
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9. Heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods ____.
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10. The seed was ____ over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.