语法点：定语从句 (Relative Clauses)
定语从句是放在名词后面、用来说明"哪一个"或"什么样的"的从句，由关系词 who / which / that / whose / where 引导。指人用 who（或 that），指物用 which（或 that）。关系词在从句里充当主语或宾语：作宾语时可以省略，作主语时不能省略。定语从句分两种：限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，不加逗号，用来限定范围；非限制性定语从句前后加逗号，只是补充说明，不能用 that。本课讲一具木乃伊的手术，作者用了大量定语从句来说明是哪位女子、哪次手术、哪尊神像。
结构
| 先行词 | 关系词 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 人 | who / that | a woman who died in 800 B.C. |
| 物 | which / that | the resin which covered the skin |
| 物（作宾语，可省略） | (which / that) | something (which) the X-ray plates did not show |
| 非限制性（加逗号） | which / who | The operation, which lasted for over four hours, … |
要点：1) 关系词紧跟先行词；2) 从句里不再重复先行词（不能说 the resin which it covered）；3) 非限制性从句只能用 which / who，不能用 that；4) 从句谓语的单复数跟先行词一致。
课文中的例句
- [句 1] The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. — who 指人，作从句主语，限定是哪位女子
- [句 2] The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. — who 引导定语从句补充说明 Shepenmut 的身份
- [句 5] The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. — 前一个 which 是非限制性（有逗号），后一个是限制性
- [句 7] They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show. — which 在从句中作宾语（show 的宾语），可省略
- [句 8] This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. — 定语从句夹在主语和谓语之间，主句谓语是 was placed
补充例句
- The doctor who operated on the mummy was very careful. — 给木乃伊做手术的医生非常小心。
- This is the laboratory which received the section of the mummy. — 这就是收到那块木乃伊样本的实验室。
- The marks (that) the doctors found on the plates were very strange. — 医生在底片上发现的那些痕迹很奇怪。
易错点
- ❌ The woman which died in 800 B.C. → ✅ The woman who died in 800 B.C. — 先行词是人，用 who，不用 which。
- ❌ the resin which it covered the skin → ✅ the resin which covered the skin — which 已经是从句主语，不能再加 it。
- ❌ The operation, that lasted four hours, was difficult. → ✅ The operation, which lasted four hours, was difficult. — 非限制性定语从句不能用 that。
- ❌ This god which have the head of a cow → ✅ This god which has the head of a cow — 从句动词要和先行词 god（单数）一致。