语法

1Fish and chips has always been a favourite dish in Britain, but as the oceans have been overfished, fish has become more and more expensive.

炸鱼加薯条一直是英国人喜爱的一道菜，但由于海洋被过度捕捞，鱼变得越来越贵了。

现在完成时 (Present Perfect) + 现在完成时被动 (Present Perfect Passive) · 主语 + has always been + 表语, but as 原因从句 (have been overfished) + 主语 + has become + 比较级

• Fish and chips 作为一道菜名视为单数，所以用 has
• have been overfished 是现在完成时的被动语态
• more and more expensive 表示“越来越贵”

三个谓语都是现在完成时：一直是、已被过度捕捞、已变贵，强调对现在的影响。

2So it comes as a surprise to learn that giant fish are terrifying the divers on North Sea oil rigs.

因此，听说巨型鱼正在北海石油钻井平台上把潜水员吓得魂飞魄散，这令人感到意外。

一般现在时 (Simple Present) + 现在进行时 (Present Continuous) · So it comes as a surprise + to learn that 宾语从句 (主语 + are terrifying + 宾语 + 地点状语)

• it comes as a surprise to learn that… 是固定说法，it 指代后面的 that 从句
• are terrifying 现在进行时表示目前正在发生的情况
• on North Sea oil rigs 用 on 表示“在钻井平台上”

主句用一般现在时，宾语从句用现在进行时描述巨鱼正在吓唬潜水员。

3Oil rigs have to be repaired frequently and divers, who often have to work in darkness a hundred feet under water, have been frightened out of their wits by giant fish bumping into them as they work.

石油钻井平台需要经常维修，潜水员常常得在水下一百英尺的黑暗中作业，工作时被撞到他们身上的巨型鱼吓得魂不附体。

一般现在时被动 (Simple Present Passive) + 现在完成时被动 (Present Perfect Passive) · 主语 + have to be + 过去分词, and 主语 (含 who 非限制性定语从句) + have been + 过去分词 + by 施动者 + as 时间从句

• have to be repaired 是 have to 与被动语态的结合
• who often have to work… 是非限制性定语从句，修饰 divers
• have been frightened … by giant fish 是现在完成时被动，by 引出施动者

长句由 and 连接两个分句，都用被动结构；as they work 说明被吓的时间。

4Now they have had special cages made to protect them from these monsters.

现在他们已经让人制作了特殊的笼子，用来保护自己免受这些怪物的伤害。

现在完成时 (Present Perfect) + 使役结构 have something done · Now + 主语 + have had + 宾语 + 过去分词 + 目的状语 (to protect…)

• have had special cages made 是本课核心：让人制作笼子
• 第一个 had 是现在完成时的过去分词，第二个 made 表示笼子被做
• to protect them from 表示“保护……免受……”

现在完成时与使役结构叠加，说明潜水员已经请人做好了特制铁笼。

5The fish are not sharks or killer whales, but favourite eating varieties like cod and skate which grow to unnatural sizes, sometimes as much as twelve feet in length.

这些鱼不是鲨鱼，也不是虎鲸，而是人们爱吃的品种，如鳕鱼和鳐鱼，它们长到了异乎寻常的大小，有时长达十二英尺。

一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + are not + 表语 + but + 表语 (含 which 定语从句)

• not … but … 表示“不是……而是……”
• which grow to unnatural sizes 是定语从句，修饰 cod and skate
• as much as twelve feet in length 表示“长达十二英尺”

一般现在时陈述事实，定语从句说明这些鱼长到反常的大小。

6Three factors have caused these fish to grow so large: the warm water round the hot oil pipes under the sea; the plentiful supply of food thrown overboard by the crews on the rigs; the total absence of fishing boats around the oil rigs.

三个因素使这些鱼长得如此之大：海底滚烫的输油管周围的温暖海水；平台上的工作人员扔下船的充足食物；以及钻井平台周围完全没有渔船。

现在完成时 (Present Perfect) · 主语 + have caused + 宾语 + to + 动词原形 + 冒号后三个并列名词短语

• cause something to do 表示“使某物……”
• thrown overboard 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 food
• 冒号后三个名词短语并列，说明三个因素

have caused 现在完成时表示这三个因素已经造成了结果；冒号后是对 three factors 的说明。

7As a result, the fish just eat and eat and grow and grow in the lovely warm water.

结果，这些鱼在舒适温暖的水里不停地吃、不停地长。

一般现在时 (Simple Present) · As a result, + 主语 + just + 动词 and 动词 and 动词 and 动词 + 地点状语

• as a result 表示“结果”
• eat and eat and grow and grow 通过重复动词表示“不停地吃、不停地长”
• the fish 作复数用，动词不加 s

一般现在时描述目前的状态，动词重复起强调作用。

8Who eats who?

到底谁吃谁呢？

一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 疑问词 Who (主语) + eats + who (宾语)?

• who 作主语时直接接动词，不用助动词 does
• eats 因主语 who 视为第三人称单数而加 s
• 这里的第二个 who 口语中代替 whom 作宾语

疑问词作主语的特殊疑问句，语序与陈述句相同，末尾的 who 是宾语。