语法点：被动语态：完成式、进行式与情态动词 (Passive: Perfect, Continuous & Modal)
被动语态强调动作的承受者，而不是执行者。除了最常见的一般过去时被动（was made），被动语态还可以和完成时（had been built）、进行时（is being built）以及情态动词（could be transported、had to be found）搭配使用。本课讲自由女神像的建造与运送，通篇几乎都用被动语态，因为重点是"雕像被做了什么"，而不是"谁做的"。执行者如果需要说明，用 by 引出。
结构
| 类型 | 结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时被动 | was/were + 过去分词 | It was designed by Bartholdi. |
| 过去完成时被动 | had been + 过去分词 | It had been erected in Paris. |
| 现在完成时被动 | has/have been + 过去分词 | It has been repaired. |
| 过去进行时被动 | was/were being + 过去分词 | It was being built. |
| 情态动词被动 | 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 | It could be transported. / It had to be built. |
| 否定 | 在第一个助动词后加 not | It had not been finished. / It could not be moved. |
| 疑问 | 第一个助动词提前 | Had it been finished? / Could it be moved? |
课文中的例句
- [句 1] One of the most famous monuments in the world, the Statue of Liberty, was presented to the USA in the nineteenth century by the people of France. — 一般过去时被动，by 引出执行者
- [句 3] The actual figure was made of copper supported by a metal framework which had been especially constructed by Eiffel. — 定语从句中用过去完成时被动 had been constructed，表示"在此之前已被建好"
- [句 4] Before it could be transported to the United States, a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built. — 情态动词被动：could be transported、had to be found、had to be built
- [句 6] By 1884, a statue which was 151 feet tall had been erected in Paris. — by + 过去时间 搭配过去完成时被动
- [句 8] By the end of October 1886, the statue had been put together again and it was officially presented to the American people by Bartholdi. — 过去完成时被动与一般过去时被动并列
补充例句
- The new bridge is being built at the entrance of the harbour. 新桥正在港口入口处修建。
- The letter had been sent to America before I could stop it. 在我来得及阻止之前，信已经被寄往美国了。
- The old statue must be taken to pieces and repaired. 这座旧雕像必须被拆开修理。
易错点
- ❌ The statue had erected in Paris by 1884. → ✅ The statue had been erected in Paris by 1884. 完成时被动不能漏掉 been。
- ❌ A site had to found for it. → ✅ A site had to be found for it. 情态动词/had to 后要用 be + 过去分词。
- ❌ The statue was designed by Bartholdi and took ten years to be completed. → ✅ The statue was designed by Bartholdi and took ten years to complete. take + 时间 + to do 习惯用主动形式。
- ❌ It is being built since 1880. → ✅ It has been being built since 1880. / It has been under construction since 1880. since 要搭配完成时，不能只用进行时。