语法

被动语态：完成式、进行式与情态动词 (Passive: Perfect, Continuous & Modal)

语法点：被动语态：完成式、进行式与情态动词 (Passive: Perfect, Continuous & Modal)

被动语态强调动作的承受者，而不是执行者。前面几课我们学过一般时态的被动（is built / was built）。本课把被动扩展到三种更复杂的情况：情态动词后的被动（can be heard）、完成时的被动（have been offered）以及情态动词 + 完成时的被动（must have been driven）。无论时态如何变化，被动的核心永远是 be + 过去分词，变化的只是 be 的形式。当动作执行者不重要、不知道或显而易见时，就用被动语态。

结构

类型	结构	例子
情态动词被动	情态动词 + be + 过去分词	can be heard / could not be used / will be knocked down
现在完成时被动	have/has been + 过去分词	I have been offered a large sum of money.
情态动词 + 完成时被动	情态动词 + have been + 过去分词	People must have been driven away.
现在进行时被动	am/is/are being + 过去分词	The house is being knocked down.

否定：在第一个助动词后加 not（could not be used / have not been offered）。疑问：把第一个助动词提前（Can the planes be heard? / Have you been offered money?）。

课文中的例句

[句 2] I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. — 情态动词 can + be heard，说明"能被听到"。
[句 3] The airport was built years ago, but for some reason it could not be used then. — 一般过去时被动 was built 与情态动词过去式被动 could not be used 对比。
[句 5] Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise. — must have been driven：对过去的肯定推测 + 被动。
[句 7] Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. — will be knocked down：一般将来时被动，by 引出执行者。
[句 8] I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here. — have been offered：现在完成时被动，offer 的双宾语结构中人作主语。

补充例句

The old airport is being knocked down this year. 这座旧机场今年正在被拆除。
The noise must have been heard by everybody in the street. 这噪音一定被街上的每个人都听到了。
The house has not been used for years, but it can still be sold. 这房子多年没用过了，但仍然可以出售。

易错点

❌ Passing planes can hear night and day. → ✅ Passing planes can be heard night and day. 情态动词后被动不能省略 be。
❌ People must been driven away by the noise. → ✅ People must have been driven away by the noise. 情态动词 + 完成时被动必须有 have。
❌ I have been offer a large sum of money. → ✅ I have been offered a large sum of money. been 后面要用过去分词，不能用原形。
❌ The house will knock down by a plane. → ✅ The house will be knocked down by a plane. 主语是动作承受者时必须用被动，will 后加 be。

逐句语法分析 · 9 句

1Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.
飞机正在慢慢地把我逼疯。
现在进行时 (Present Continuous) · 主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词 + 宾语 + 补语
- drive somebody mad 意为"把某人逼疯"
- 现在进行时表示正在持续发生、令人烦恼的事
- slowly 修饰 driving
主动句，飞机是执行者。drive 的宾语是 me，mad 作宾语补足语，说明结果。
2I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.
我住在一个机场附近，过往飞机的声音日夜不绝。
一般现在时 + 情态动词被动 (Simple Present; can be heard) · 主语 + 动词 and 主语 + can be + 过去分词 + 时间状语
- can be heard 是情态动词被动
- passing planes 中 passing 是现在分词作定语
- night and day 意为"日夜不停"
and 连接两个分句。第二分句强调飞机声"能被听到"，执行者（人们）不重要，因此用被动。
3The airport was built years ago, but for some reason it could not be used then.
机场是许多年前建成的，但由于某种原因当时无法投入使用。
一般过去时被动 (Simple Past Passive) · 主语 + was/were + 过去分词, but 主语 + could not be + 过去分词
- was built：一般过去时被动
- could not be used：情态动词 could 的被动否定
- for some reason 意为"由于某种原因"
两个被动结构对比：机场"被建"和"不能被使用"。否定词 not 放在情态动词 could 之后。
4Last year, however, it came into use.
然而去年，它开始使用了。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 时间状语 + however + 主语 + 动词过去式 + 介词短语
- come into use 意为"开始使用"，是主动形式表达被动含义
- however 作插入语，前后用逗号
- Last year 是明确的过去时间
came 是 come 的过去式。注意 come into use 不用被动，习惯用主动形式。
5Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.
一定有一百多人被噪音赶离了家园。
情态动词 + 完成时被动 (Modal Perfect Passive) · 主语 + must have been + 过去分词 + 地点状语 + by 执行者
- must have been driven：对过去事情的肯定推测
- by the noise 引出动作执行者
- over a hundred 意为"一百多"
本课重点句。must 表推测，have been driven 是完成时被动，合起来表示"一定已经被赶走了"。
6I am one of the few people left.
我是留下来的少数几个人之一。
一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + am + one of + the few + 名词 + 过去分词作定语
- left 是过去分词作后置定语，意为"剩下的"
- one of the few people 意为"少数几个人之一"
- people 是复数，one of 后接复数名词
left 相当于 who are left，是被动含义的过去分词修饰 people，属于被动结构的简化形式。
7Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane.
有时我想，这座房子会被一架过往的飞机撞倒。
一般将来时被动 (Simple Future Passive) · 主语 + think + (that) 主语 + will be + 过去分词 + by 执行者
- will be knocked down：将来时被动
- knock down 是短语动词，被动时 down 保留
- by a passing plane 引出执行者
I think 后接宾语从句，从句省略了 that。房子是被撞倒的对象，所以用被动。
8I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here.
有人愿意出一大笔钱让我搬走，但我决心留在这里。
现在完成时被动 (Present Perfect Passive) · 主语 + have been + 过去分词 + 宾语 + 不定式, but 主语 + am + 形容词 + 不定式
- have been offered：现在完成时被动
- offer sb sth 有两个宾语，被动时人作主语
- be determined to do 意为"决心做"
offer 的双宾语结构变被动，保留 a large sum of money 作宾语。to go away 表示目的。
9Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.
大家都说我一定是疯了，他们也许是对的。
一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + says + (that) 主语 + must be + 形容词 and 主语 + are + 副词 + 形容词
- must be mad 中 must 表示肯定推测，不是被动
- everybody 作主语用单数动词 says
- probably right 意为"可能是对的"
says 后是省略 that 的宾语从句。注意 must be mad 是系表结构，与句 5 的被动推测不同。

练习 · 44 题

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选择正确答案
1. I live near an airport and passing planes ____ night and day.
选择正确答案
2. Over a hundred people ____ away from their homes by the noise.
选择正确答案
3. I ____ a large sum of money to go away.
选择正确答案
4. Sometimes I think this house ____ by a passing plane.
选择正确答案
5. The airport was built years ago, but for some reason it ____ then.
选择正确答案
6. The old houses near the airport ____ down at the moment.
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7. The noise ____ by everybody in the street last night.
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8. Aeroplanes are slowly ____ me mad.
选择正确答案
9. Last year, however, the airport ____ into use.
选择正确答案
10. I am one of the few people ____ in this district.