语法

no sooner…than / hardly…when 与倒装 (No sooner / Hardly)

语法点：no sooner…than / hardly…when 与倒装 (No sooner / Hardly)

no sooner … than 和 hardly … when 都表示"一……就……"，强调两个动作紧接着发生。前一个动作用过去完成时（had done），后一个动作用一般过去时。本课讲哈里森一回到英国就买了房，又几乎还没安顿好就把房子卖掉离开，两处都用了这个结构。当 No sooner 或 Hardly 放在句首时，句子要部分倒装：把 had 提到主语前面（No sooner had he returned than …）。注意 no sooner 后面接 than，hardly 后面接 when，不能混用。

结构

形式	结构	例句
正常语序	主语 + had no sooner + 过去分词 + than + 一般过去时	He had no sooner returned than he bought a house.
正常语序	主语 + had hardly + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时	He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house.
倒装	No sooner + had + 主语 + 过去分词 + than + 一般过去时	No sooner had he returned than he bought a house.
倒装	Hardly + had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时	Hardly had he settled down when he sold the house.
类似结构	as soon as + 一般过去时, 一般过去时	As soon as he returned, he bought a house.

课文中的例句

[句 3] He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there. — had no sooner … than：一回来就买房
[句 8] He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country. — had hardly … when：几乎还没安顿好就卖房离开
[句 1] My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England. — 过去完成时表示回英国之前的经历，是本课时态背景
[句 2] He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country. — 过去完成时表示"回来之前"早已有的梦想和计划
[句 6] He acted as if he had never lived in England before. — as if + 过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反

补充例句

No sooner had Harrison bought the house than it began to rain. — 哈里森刚买下房子，天就开始下雨了。
Hardly had I settled down in the country when I got a shock. — 我在乡下几乎还没安顿下来就大吃一惊。
He had no sooner left the country than he dreamed of returning. — 他一离开这个国家就梦想着回来。

易错点

❌ He had no sooner returned when he bought a house. → ✅ He had no sooner returned than he bought a house. — no sooner 必须和 than 搭配，hardly 才和 when 搭配。
❌ No sooner he had returned than he bought a house. → ✅ No sooner had he returned than he bought a house. — no sooner 放句首要部分倒装，had 提到主语前。
❌ He had hardly had time to settle down when he had sold the house. → ✅ He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house. — 后一个动作用一般过去时，不用过去完成时。
❌ He no sooner returned than he bought a house. → ✅ He had no sooner returned than he bought a house. — 前一个动作要用过去完成时 had + 过去分词。

逐句语法分析 · 10 句

1My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
我的老朋友哈里森在回到英国之前，曾在地中海地区住了许多年。
过去完成时 + 一般过去时 (Past Perfect + Simple Past) · 主语 + had + 过去分词 + for + 时间段 + before + 一般过去时从句
- had lived 表示回英国之前的经历
- for many years 表示持续时间
- before 从句用一般过去时
"住在地中海"发生在"回英国"之前，所以主句用过去完成时，before 从句用一般过去时。
2He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.
他常常梦想着退休后回英国，并打算在乡下定居下来。
过去完成时 (Past Perfect) · 主语 + had often + 过去分词 + of + 动名词 and had + 过去分词 + 不定式
- dream of + 动名词
- plan to + 动词原形
- often 放在 had 和过去分词之间
两个并列的过去完成时说明他回英国之前早就有的梦想和计划。
3He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
他一回国，就买了一栋房子并搬进去住了。
过去完成时 + 一般过去时 (Past Perfect + Simple Past) · 主语 + had no sooner + 过去分词 + than + 一般过去时
- had no sooner … than 表示"一……就……"
- than 后面用一般过去时 bought / went
本课重点结构：先发生的动作用过去完成时，紧接着发生的动作用一般过去时。
4Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
几乎是一搬进去，他就开始抱怨天气，因为尽管还是夏天，却雨下个不停，而且常常冷得刺骨。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + began to + 动词原形, for + 原因分句 (even though + 让步从句)
- begin to do 开始做
- for 在这里是连词，表示原因
- even though 引导让步状语从句
- continually / bitterly 是副词
for 解释他抱怨的原因；even though 说明"虽然还是夏天"，天气却又冷又湿。
5After so many years of sunshine, Harrison got a shock.
在阳光下生活了那么多年后，哈里森吃了一惊。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · After + 名词短语, 主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语
- after 后接名词短语，不是从句
- get a shock 大吃一惊
简单的一般过去时句子，after 短语说明背景。
6He acted as if he had never lived in England before.
他的举动就好像他以前从未在英国住过一样。
一般过去时 + 过去完成时 (Simple Past + Past Perfect) · 主语 + 动词过去式 + as if + 主语 + had never + 过去分词
- as if 引导方式状语从句
- had never lived 是过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反
- never 放在 had 之后
他其实在英国住过，as if 从句用过去完成时表示与事实相反的虚拟语气。
7In the end, it was more than he could bear.
最后，他实在忍受不了了。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · In the end, it + was + more than + 主语 + could + 动词原形
- in the end 最后
- more than he could bear 超出他的忍受范围
it 指代前面的天气状况，more than … could bear 是常用表达。
8He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.
他还没来得及安顿下来，就卖掉了房子，离开了这个国家。
过去完成时 + 一般过去时 (Past Perfect + Simple Past) · 主语 + had hardly + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时
- had hardly … when 表示"几乎还没……就……"
- 第一个 had 是助动词，第二个 had 是实义动词
- when 后面用一般过去时 sold / left
本课重点结构：hardly 和 when 搭配，前面用过去完成时，后面用一般过去时。
9The dream he had had for so many years ended there.
他多年来的梦想就此破灭了。
一般过去时 + 过去完成时 (Simple Past + Past Perfect) · 主语 + (定语从句 he had had …) + 动词过去式 + there
- he had had for so many years 是省略了关系代词的定语从句
- had had 是 have 的过去完成时
- 主句动词 ended 是一般过去时
主语 The dream 后面跟定语从句修饰，梦想是过去很久就有的，所以从句用过去完成时。
10Harrison had thought of everything except the weather.
哈里森什么都想到了，唯独没有考虑到天气。
过去完成时 (Past Perfect) · 主语 + had + 过去分词 + of + 宾语 + except + 名词
- had thought of 是过去完成时
- except 表示"除了……之外"
- everything except the weather 是本课标题
总结句：他事先什么都想到了，唯独没想到天气，用过去完成时表示在卖房之前的考虑。

练习 · 44 题

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1. He had no sooner returned ____ he bought a house.
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2. He had hardly had time to settle down ____ he sold the house.
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3. No sooner ____ than he bought a house.
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4. Hardly ____ time to settle down when he left the country.
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5. He had no sooner returned than he ____ a house.
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6. He ____ no sooner returned than he went to live in the country.
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7. Harrison ____ in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
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8. He acted as if he ____ in England before.
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9. It rained continually ____ it was still summer.
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10. Harrison had thought of everything ____ the weather.