语法

能力表达 can / could / be able to / manage to (Ability)

语法点：能力表达 can / could / be able to / manage to (Ability)

表示"能、会"最常用的是 can（现在）和 could（过去）。但 can 没有将来式和完成式，这时要用 be able to：will be able to、has been able to。谈过去时要注意区别：could 表示过去一般性的能力（会游泳、能看见），而某一次经过努力真的做成了某事，要用 was able to 或 managed to。否定时 couldn't 和 wasn't able to 都可以。本课讲火山学家塔齐耶夫每次冒险都"做到了"，所以课文反复用 was able to、managed to，而不是 could。

结构

时间 / 含义	形式	例句
现在能力	can / am able to	He can take photographs.
过去一般能力	could	He could see the volcano from his camp.
过去某次成功做到	was able to / managed to	He managed to escape just in time.
过去没做到	couldn't / wasn't able to / didn't manage to	He could not stay near the volcano for long.
将来	will be able to	He will be able to return in two days.
完成	has been able to	He has been able to tell us more about volcanoes.

要点：manage to do 强调经过努力才做到，后接不定式；be able to 可以用于任何时态。

课文中的例句

[句 3] Tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently. — was able to：那一次成功地做到了
[句 4] Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long. — managed to 努力做成；could not 表示做不到
[句 6] It threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape just in time. — managed to escape：千钧一发之际成功逃脱
[句 8] This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures. — so that 从句中用 could 表示目的
[句 10] He has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive. — has been able to：can 没有完成式，用 be able to

补充例句

He could not take photographs because it was too dark. — 因为太黑，他无法拍照。
After many hours, the scientist managed to climb out of the deep cave. — 几个小时后，这位科学家终于爬出了深洞。
We will be able to observe the volcano from the camp next week. — 下周我们就能从营地观察火山了。

易错点

❌ He will can return two days later. → ✅ He will be able to return two days later. — can 没有将来式，两个情态动词不能连用。
❌ He has could tell us a lot. → ✅ He has been able to tell us a lot. — can 没有完成式，要用 has been able to。
❌ He managed escaping just in time. → ✅ He managed to escape just in time. — manage 后接不定式，不接动名词。
❌ Yesterday he could escape from the river of rock. → ✅ Yesterday he was able to escape from the river of rock. — 过去某次成功做到的事用 was able to / managed to，不用 could。

逐句语法分析 · 10 句

1Haroun Tazieff, the Polish scientist, has spent his lifetime studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world.
波兰科学家哈罗恩·塔济耶夫毕生都在研究世界各地的活火山和深洞。
现在完成时 (Present Perfect) · 主语（含同位语）+ has spent + 时间 + doing
- spend time doing sth. 花时间做某事
- has spent 表示从过去持续到现在
the Polish scientist 是同位语；现在完成时说明他一生至今都在研究火山。
2In 1948, he went to Lake Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro.
1948年，他去了刚果的基伍湖，观察一座新火山，他后来把这座火山命名为基图罗。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 时间状语 + 主语 + went to + 地点 + to do + which 定语从句
- to observe 不定式表目的
- which he later named Kituro 定语从句修饰 volcano
In 1948 表明过去；不定式说明去的目的；定语从句补充火山的名字。
3Tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently.
在火山猛烈喷发的时候，塔济耶夫得以把营地搭在离火山很近的地方。
一般过去时 + 过去进行时 · 主语 + was able to + 动词原形 + while 时间从句
- was able to 表示那次成功做到
- was erupting 过去进行时，与主句动作同时
本课核心句型：某次成功扎营用 was able to；while 从句描述当时火山正在喷发。
4Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long.
尽管他设法拍下了一些精彩的照片，但他不能在火山附近停留太久。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · Though 让步从句（managed to do）+ 主句（could not do）
- managed to take 努力做到
- could not stay 表示做不到
Though 引出对比：拍到照片是成功，但没能久留；肯定用 managed to，否定用 could not。
5He noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him.
他注意到一股岩浆正向他涌来。
一般过去时 + 过去进行时 · 主语 + noticed + that 宾语从句（was coming）
- that 从句作 noticed 的宾语
- was coming 过去进行时表示正在逼近
主句过去时，从句用过去进行时描述岩浆正朝他流来。
6It threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape just in time.
岩浆眼看就要把他完全包围，但塔济耶夫及时设法逃脱了。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + threatened to do, but + 主语 + managed to do + 时间状语
- threaten to do 有……危险
- managed to escape 成功逃脱
but 转折：岩浆眼看要包围他，但他及时逃脱；一次性成功用 managed to。
7He waited until the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later.
他一直等到火山平静下来，两天后才得以返回。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + waited until 从句 and + 主语 + was able to + 动词原形
- until 引导时间从句
- was able to return 两天后成功返回
until 从句说明等待的终点；再次返回是一次具体的成功，用 was able to。
8This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures.
这一次，他设法爬进了基图罗火山口，以便拍照和测量温度。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + managed to + 动词原形 + so that + 主语 + could + 动词原形
- so that 引导目的状语从句
- 目的从句中 could 与主句过去时呼应
managed to climb 表示费力做到；so that he could 说明这样做的目的。
9Tazieff has often risked his life in this way.
塔济耶夫经常这样冒着生命危险。
现在完成时 (Present Perfect) · 主语 + has often + 过去分词 + 宾语 + 方式状语
- has risked 表示至今多次发生
- often 放在 has 与过去分词之间
现在完成时总结他至今反复冒险的经历；in this way 指前文描述的方式。
10He has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive.
他能告诉我们的关于活火山的知识，比任何活着的人都多。
现在完成时 (Present Perfect) · 主语 + has been able to + 动词原形 + more… than 比较
- has been able to 是 can 的完成式形式
- than any man alive 比任何在世的人都多
can 没有完成式，所以用 has been able to；比较结构强调他的贡献之大。

练习 · 44 题

每组做完自动记录；总正确率 80% 以上记为掌握 ★。改写和改错与参考答案不完全一致时，登录用户由 AI 判断是否可接受。

总计 0/44

选择正确的答案
1. Tazieff ____ set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting.
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2. Though he ____ take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay for very long.
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3. He ____ tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive.
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4. He waited until the volcano became quiet, and he ____ return two days later.
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5. He climbed into the mouth of Kituro so that he ____ take photographs.
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6. Next week the scientists ____ observe the new volcano from the camp.
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7. It was very dark, so he ____ take any photographs that night.
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8. Haroun Tazieff has spent his lifetime ____ active volcanoes.
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9. He noticed that a river of liquid rock ____ towards him.
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10. The volcano ____ to surround him completely, but he escaped just in time.