语法

语法点：过去完成时 (Past Perfect)

过去完成时表示"过去的过去"：在过去某个时间或某个过去动作之前已经完成的动作。它常和一般过去时搭配出现，用来说明两个过去动作的先后顺序：先发生的用 had + 过去分词，后发生的用一般过去时。常见搭配是 when / after / before / by the time 引导的时间状语从句，以及 just、already、never 等副词。本课讲战俘逃跑的经过，作者用 had killed、had gone、had escaped 说明哪个动作发生在前，让故事顺序一清二楚。

结构

形式	结构	例句
肯定	主语 + had + 过去分词	He had killed the guard.
否定	主语 + had not (hadn't) + 过去分词	He had not killed the guard.
疑问	Had + 主语 + 过去分词…?	Had he killed the guard?
常见搭配	When / After / By the time + had done, … + did	When he had killed the guard, he dragged him into the bushes.

要点：1) had 对所有人称都一样，没有 has；2) 先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时；3) just / already 放在 had 和过去分词之间。

课文中的例句

[句 1] When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes. — 先杀死警卫 (had killed)，再拖进灌木丛 (dragged)，两个动作有先后
[句 5] Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. — had just discovered 表示"刚刚发现"，had escaped 是发现之前的事，两层"过去的过去"
[句 8] When they had gone the driver of the car came towards him. — 军官们先离开 (had gone)，司机才走过来 (came)
[句 12] As the man came near the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. — 对比：两个动作几乎同时发生，用 as + 一般过去时，不用过去完成时

补充例句

When the guard had fallen asleep, the prisoner opened the gate quietly. — 警卫睡着之后，囚犯悄悄打开了大门。
By the time the officers arrived, the prisoner had already driven off. — 军官们到达时，囚犯已经开车跑掉了。
He had never worn a uniform before that night. — 在那天晚上之前，他从来没穿过军装。

易错点

❌ When he killed the guard, he had dragged him into the bushes. → ✅ When he had killed the guard, he dragged him into the bushes. — 先发生的动作 (killed) 用过去完成时，后发生的 (dragged) 用一般过去时，不能颠倒。
❌ They had just discovered that a prisoner escaped. → ✅ They had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. — 逃跑发生在"发现"之前，从句也要用过去完成时。
❌ He has killed the guard before the car stopped. → ✅ He had killed the guard before the car stopped. — 整件事发生在过去，"过去的过去"要用 had，不用 has。
❌ When they had gone, the driver had come towards him. → ✅ When they had gone, the driver came towards him. — 不要把两个动作都写成过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。

逐句语法分析 · 13 句

1When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes.
战俘杀死了卫兵之后，迅速地把他拖进了灌木丛。
过去完成时 + 一般过去时 (Past Perfect + Simple Past) · When + 主语 + had + 过去分词, 主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语 + 地点状语
- had killed 表示先发生的动作
- dragged 是后发生的动作，用一般过去时
- prisoner of war 意为"战俘"
when 从句用过去完成时说明杀死警卫在前，主句用一般过去时说明随后把他拖走。
2Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man's clothes.
他在黑暗中迅速地行动，很快换上了死者的衣服。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 现在分词短语作状语 + 主语 + 动词过去式 + into + 宾语
- Working rapidly… 是分词短语，说明伴随情况
- changed into 意为"换上（衣服）"
- the dead man's 是名词所有格
句首分词短语与主语 he 逻辑一致，主句用一般过去时叙述换衣服的动作。
3Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.
现在，他穿着蓝色的制服，肩上扛着步枪，大胆地在军营前面来回走动。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · Now, + 过去分词短语 + and + with 短语, 主语 + 动词过去式 + 副词 + 地点状语
- dressed in… 是过去分词短语作状语
- with a rifle over his shoulder 是 with 复合结构
- marched up and down 意为"来回走"
两个状语说明囚犯的装束，主句用一般过去时描述他大胆地来回巡逻。
4He could hear shouting in the camp itself.
他可以听到军营里面的叫喊声。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + could + hear + 动名词 + 地点状语
- could 是 can 的过去式
- hear + doing 表示听到正在进行的事
- itself 强调 the camp
情态动词 could 表示过去的能力或感知，hear shouting 中 shouting 是动名词。
5Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped.
灯火通明，人们四处奔跑：他们刚刚发现有一个战俘逃跑了。
过去进行时 + 过去完成时 (Past Continuous + Past Perfect) · 主语 + were + 现在分词 and 主语 + were + 现在分词: 主语 + had just + 过去分词 + that 从句 (had + 过去分词)
- were blazing / were running 描写当时的场景
- had just discovered 表示刚刚发现
- had escaped 发生在发现之前
冒号前用过去进行时描写场面，冒号后用两个过去完成时交代原因和先后。
6At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates.
就在这时，一辆载着四名军官的黑色大轿车在军营门口停了下来。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 时间状语 + 主语 + with 短语 + 动词过去式 + 地点状语
- At that moment 是过去时间状语
- with four officers inside it 修饰 car
- stopped 是规则动词过去式
一般过去时叙述汽车停下这一动作，with 短语补充说明车里有四名军官。
7The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed.
军官们下了车，战俘立正站好，在他们经过时敬礼。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + 动词过去式 and 主语 + 动词过去式 + and + 动词过去式 + as 从句
- got out 意为"下车"
- stood to attention 意为"立正"
- as they passed 表示"当他们经过时"
三个并列的过去式动词按顺序叙述动作，as 从句说明敬礼的时间。
8When they had gone the driver of the car came towards him.
他们走后，汽车司机朝他走了过来。
过去完成时 + 一般过去时 (Past Perfect + Simple Past) · When + 主语 + had + 过去分词, 主语 + 动词过去式 + towards + 宾语
- had gone 表示军官先离开
- came 是后发生的动作
- gone 是 go 的过去分词
典型的 when + 过去完成时结构：军官走后，司机才走过来。
9The man obviously wanted to talk.
那人显然是想聊聊。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + 副词 + 动词过去式 + to do
- obviously 修饰整个句子，意为"显然"
- want to do 后接动词不定式
简单的一般过去时句子，want 后用不定式 to talk。
10He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes.
他上了年纪，头发花白，蓝眼睛清澈明亮。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + was + 副词 + 形容词 + with 短语
- rather elderly 意为"相当年长"
- with grey hair and clear blue eyes 描述外貌
- grey 是英式拼写
用 be 动词过去式描述人物外貌，with 短语说明头发和眼睛的特征。
11The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do.
战俘为他感到难过，但他别无选择。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + 动词过去式 + 形容词 + for + 宾语, but there was + 名词 + 定语从句 (he could do)
- feel sorry for sb. 意为"同情某人"
- there was nothing else he could do 中省略了关系词 that
- could 表示过去的能力
but 连接转折，nothing else 后省略 that 的定语从句说明别无选择。
12As the man came near the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow.
那人走近时，战俘猛地一击把他打倒在地。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · As + 主语 + 动词过去式 + 副词, 主语 + 动词过去式 + 宾语 + to the ground + with 短语
- as 引导时间状语从句，表示"当…时"
- knock sb. to the ground 意为"把某人打倒在地"
- 两个动作几乎同时，都用一般过去时
as 从句和主句动作紧接发生，无需过去完成时，均用一般过去时。
13Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could.
然后，他跳上汽车，以最快的速度开走了。
一般过去时 (Simple Past) · Then, + 现在分词短语, 主语 + 动词过去式 + as quickly as + 主语 + could
- jumping into the car 是分词短语作状语
- drove off 意为"开车离开"
- as quickly as he could 意为"尽可能快地"
分词短语说明上车动作，主句 drove off 用一般过去时，as…as he could 表程度。

练习 · 44 题

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选择正确的答案
1. When he ____ the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes.
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2. They had just discovered that a prisoner ____.
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3. When they ____, the driver of the car came towards him.
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4. Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they ____ just discovered that a prisoner had escaped.
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5. When he had killed the guard, the prisoner quickly ____ him into the bushes.
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6. By the time the officers got out of the car, the prisoner ____ into the dead man's clothes.
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7. The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he ____ do.
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8. Now, ____ in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down.
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9. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to ____ and saluted as they passed.
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10. Then, jumping into the car, he drove ____ as quickly as he could.