语法

1Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.

渔民和水手有时声称在海上看见过怪物。

一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + sometimes + claim + to have + 过去分词 + 宾语

• claim to have seen 是不定式的完成式，表示"声称曾看见"
• sometimes 放在实义动词前
• 主动语态

一般现在时说明常见现象，to have seen 表示看见的动作发生在声称之前。

2Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these 'monsters' which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish.

虽然人们常常嘲笑海员讲的故事，但现在人们知道，这些时常被看到的“怪物”中有许多只不过是奇怪的鱼。

现在完成时 + 一般现在时（含被动）(Present Perfect + Simple Present Passive) · Though + 主语 + have + 过去分词, it is known that + 主语 + which 从句 (have been sighted) + are + 表语

• it is now known that 是一般现在时被动，it 作形式主语
• have at times been sighted 是现在完成时被动
• stories told by seamen 中 told 是过去分词作定语

长句包含三处被动：is known、been sighted、told by。which 引导定语从句修饰 monsters。

3Occasionally, unusual creatures are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea.

偶尔，不寻常的生物会被冲上海岸，但它们很少在海上被捕获。

一般现在时被动 (Simple Present Passive) · 主语 + are washed + to + 地点, but 主语 + are rarely caught + 地点

• are washed / are caught 是一般现在时被动
• rarely 放在 be 和过去分词之间
• 不说明执行者

两个并列的一般现在时被动句描述常见情况，无需说明是谁冲上岸或捕到。

4Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar.

然而，前些时候，在马达加斯加附近捕到了一条奇特的鱼。

一般过去时被动 (Simple Past Passive) · 时间状语 + however + 主语 + was caught + 地点状语

• was caught 是一般过去时被动
• however 放在句中作插入语
• some time ago 是过去时间状语

本课核心例句：鱼是被捕的，用 was + 过去分词，捕鱼者不重要，不用 by。

5A small fishing boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line.

这条力大无比的鱼拽着鱼线，把一条小渔船拖到了离岸数英里的海上。

一般过去时被动 (Simple Past Passive) · 主语 + was carried + 距离 + out to sea + by + 执行者 + as 从句

• was carried … by the powerful fish 带执行者的被动
• miles 作程度状语
• as it pulled on the line 说明时间和原因

船被鱼拖走，执行者是鱼，用 by the powerful fish 明确说明。

6Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way.

那位渔民意识到这不是一条普通的鱼，便尽一切努力不让它受到任何损伤。

一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 现在分词短语 + 主语 + made every effort + not to do + 宾语

• Realizing that… 是分词短语作状语
• make every effort to do 意为"尽一切努力"
• not to damage 是不定式的否定形式

主动语态句子，not 放在不定式 to 前面表示"努力不去损坏它"。

7When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long.

当它最终被拖上岸时，人们发现它有十三英尺多长。

一般过去时被动 (Simple Past Passive) · When + 主语 + was brought + to shore, 主语 + was found + to be + 补语

• was brought 和 was found 都是一般过去时被动
• be found to be 意为"被发现是"
• eventually 放在 be 和过去分词之间

从句和主句都用被动，因为鱼是被带上岸、被测量的对象。

8It had a head like a horse big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail.

它长着一个马一样的头，大大的蓝眼睛，闪闪发光的银色皮肤，还有一条鲜红色的尾巴。

一般过去时 (Simple Past) · 主语 + had + 名词短语 + like + 名词, + 并列名词短语

• had 在这里是实义动词"有"
• like a horse 作定语修饰 head
• 多个形容词并列描写外貌

用 had 描述鱼的外貌特征，注意此处 had 不是过去完成时的助动词。

9The fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish.

这条鱼后来被送到一家博物馆，正由一位科学家进行检查，它被称为桨鱼。

一般现在时被动（含完成时和进行时被动）(Present Passive with Perfect and Continuous Passive) · 主语 + which 从句 (has since been sent + where 从句 is being examined by) + is called + 名词

• has been sent 现在完成时被动
• is being examined by 现在进行时被动
• is called 一般现在时被动

一句中三种被动：已被送去、正被检查、被称作，全部以鱼为主语。

10Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.

这种生物很少被人看到活着的样子，因为它们生活在六百英尺深的水下。

现在完成时被动 (Present Perfect Passive) · 主语 + have rarely been seen + 补语 + by + 执行者 + as 从句

• have been seen 是现在完成时被动
• rarely 放在 have 和 been 之间
• as 引导原因状语从句

现在完成时被动说明到目前为止很少被人见到，as 从句解释原因。