语法点：分词短语作状语 (Participle Clauses)
分词短语作状语，就是用现在分词（doing）或过去分词（done）引导的一个短语，代替完整的状语从句，说明主句动作的时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。它的逻辑主语必须和主句主语一致。现在分词表示主动或正在进行（waving a red cap），过去分词表示被动或已完成（surprised by the noise）。形容词短语也可以像分词短语一样放在句首作状语（Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull…）。本课讲醉汉闯入斗牛场，作者用这类结构把动作写得紧凑、生动。
结构
| 类型 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在分词作状语 | Doing…, 主语 + 谓语 | Waving a red cap, the drunk shouted rude remarks. |
| 过去分词作状语 | Done…, 主语 + 谓语 | Dragged to safety, the drunk bowed to the crowd. |
| 形容词短语作状语 | Adj…, 主语 + 谓语 | Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull charged at the drunk. |
| 介词 + 现在分词 | before / after / without + doing | …before once more turning its attention to the matador. |
要点：1) 分词短语的逻辑主语 = 主句主语；2) 主动、进行用 doing，被动、完成用 done；3) 分词短语可放句首、句中或句末，句首时用逗号隔开。
课文中的例句
- [句 4] Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. — 形容词短语放句首作原因状语，逻辑主语是 the bull
- [句 3] …the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap. — shouting 和 waving 两个现在分词并列，表示醉汉正在做的动作
- [句 7] When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass. — 完整的时间状语从句，可改写为分词短语 Getting close to him…
- [句 10] …it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador. — before + 现在分词 turning，介词后接分词短语
- [句 2] The crowd began to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger. — 可改写为 Unaware of the danger, the drunk…
补充例句
- Waving a red cap, the drunk wandered into the ring. — 醉汉挥着一顶红帽子，晃进了斗牛场。
- Seeing the bull charge at him, the drunk stepped aside. — 看到公牛向他冲来，醉汉侧身闪开了。
- Dragged to safety by three men, the drunk still bowed to the crowd. — 被三个人拖到安全地带后，醉汉仍向观众鞠躬。
易错点
- ❌ Waving a red cap, the bull charged at the drunk. → ✅ Waving a red cap, the drunk was charged at by the bull. — 分词的逻辑主语必须是主句主语，挥帽子的是醉汉不是公牛。
- ❌ Sensitive to criticism, so the bull forgot about the matador. → ✅ Sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot about the matador. — 分词或形容词短语作状语后不能再加 so，主句直接跟上。
- ❌ Before once more turn its attention to the matador… → ✅ Before once more turning its attention to the matador… — 介词 before 后要用 doing 形式。
- ❌ The drunk was unaware the danger. → ✅ The drunk was unaware of the danger. — unaware 后要加 of。