语法点：no sooner…than / hardly…when 与倒装 (No sooner / Hardly)
hardly…when、no sooner…than、scarcely…when 都表示“一……就……”，强调两个过去动作紧接着发生。先发生的动作用过去完成时 (had done)，后发生的动作用一般过去时 (did)。本课第 3、5、9 句 Both men had hardly had time to realize… when… 就是典型用法。当 hardly / no sooner 放在句首以加强语气时，主句要部分倒装：Hardly had they… when…；No sooner had they… than…。注意 hardly 配 when，no sooner 配 than，不能混搭。
结构
| 形式 | 结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 正常语序 | 主语 + had hardly + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时 | They had hardly begun to swim when they noticed the boat. |
| 正常语序 | 主语 + had no sooner + 过去分词 + than + 一般过去时 | They had no sooner begun to swim than they noticed the boat. |
| 倒装 | Hardly + had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时 | Hardly had they begun to swim when they noticed the boat. |
| 倒装 | No sooner + had + 主语 + 过去分词 + than + 一般过去时 | No sooner had they begun to swim than they noticed the boat. |
| 同义 | as soon as + 一般过去时, 一般过去时 | As soon as they began to swim, they noticed the boat. |
课文中的例句
- [句 3] Both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violently into the sea. — had hardly had…when：刚来得及反应就被甩进海里。
- [句 5] Both men had just begun to swim towards the shore, when they noticed with dismay that the speedboat was moving in a circle. — had just begun…when 与 hardly…when 同义，也是过去完成时 + 一般过去时。
- [句 9] They had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle. — 同样结构，强调“刚好来得及……船就又……”。
- [句 8] After it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could… — 过去完成时表示先发生的动作，与 hardly 句中的时态关系一致。
- [句 2] …his companion, who had been water skiing for the last fifteen minutes. — 过去完成进行时，说明过去某时刻之前一直在进行的动作。
补充例句
- Hardly had the man touched the steering wheel when it came away in his hands. — 那人刚碰到方向盘，它就脱落在他手里。
- No sooner had they reached the shore than the boat roared past them again. — 他们刚到岸边，船就又呼啸着从他们身旁驶过。
- The boat had no sooner slowed down than the noise dropped completely. — 船刚减速，噪音就完全消失了。
易错点
- ❌ No sooner had they begun to swim when they noticed the boat. → ✅ No sooner had they begun to swim than they noticed the boat. — no sooner 必须与 than 搭配，hardly 才与 when 搭配。
- ❌ Hardly they had had time to realize what was happening when… → ✅ Hardly had they had time to realize what was happening when… — hardly 位于句首时，助动词 had 必须提到主语前面（部分倒装）。
- ❌ They had hardly begun to swim when they had noticed the boat. → ✅ They had hardly begun to swim when they noticed the boat. — when 后面的动作是后发生的，用一般过去时，不用过去完成时。
- ❌ They hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown into the sea. → ✅ They had hardly had time to realize… — 表示“刚……就……”的过去情景，hardly 前的动作要用过去完成时。