语法

动词后接 -ing 与不定式 (Verb + -ing vs Verb + to)

语法点：动词后接 -ing 与不定式 (Verb + -ing vs Verb + to)

英语里一个动词后面再接另一个动词时，第二个动词要么用 -ing 形式（动名词），要么用 to + 动词原形（不定式），不能随便选。有些动词只接 -ing（enjoy, finish, mind, practise, keep），有些只接 to（want, hope, decide, appear, learn），还有些两者都可以但意思相近（prefer, like, begin）。此外，介词后面一律接 -ing（at holding, without coming, before gasping）。本课讲婴儿学游泳，出现了 appear to be、prefer to push、accustomed to swimming、without coming up 等典型搭配。

结构

类型 常见动词 / 结构 例子
只接 to do want, hope, decide, appear, seem, learn, expect, refuse They appear to be happy.
只接 -ing enjoy, finish, mind, practise, keep, avoid, give up They enjoy swimming.
两者皆可 prefer, like, love, begin, start They prefer to push them. / They prefer pushing them.
介词 + -ing be expert at, be accustomed to, without, before, after They are accustomed to swimming.
否定 not 放在 to 或 -ing 前 They decided not to go. / They enjoy not working.

课文中的例句

补充例句

易错点

逐句语法分析 · 11 句

  1. 1Experiments have proved that children can be instructed in swimming at a very early age.

    实验证明，儿童可以在很小的年龄接受游泳训练。

    现在完成时 + 一般现在时被动 (Present Perfect + Simple Present Passive) · 主语 + have proved + that 从句（主语 + can be + 过去分词）

    • have proved 是现在完成时，强调结果
    • can be instructed 是情态动词被动
    • instruct sb in sth 表示教某人某事

    主句用现在完成时说明实验已得出结论，宾语从句用情态被动。

  2. 2At a special swimming pool in Los Angeles, children become expert at holding their breath under water even before they can walk.

    在洛杉矶的一个特殊游泳池里，孩子们甚至在会走路之前就已经能熟练地在水下憋气了。

    一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 地点状语 + 主语 + become + 形容词 + at + 动名词 + even before 从句

    • expert at 后接动名词 holding
    • even before they can walk 是时间状语从句

    介词 at 后必须接 -ing 形式，这是本课语法点的典型例子。

  3. 3Babies of two months old do not appear to be reluctant to enter the water.

    两个月大的婴儿看起来并不害怕下水。

    一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + do not appear + to be + 形容词 + to do

    • appear 后接不定式 to be
    • reluctant to do 表示不愿做某事
    • 否定用 do not appear

    appear to be 是固定搭配，形容词 reluctant 后也接不定式。

  4. 4It is not long before they are so accustomed to swimming that they can pick up weights from the floor of the pool.

    用不了多久，他们就习惯了游泳，能从池底捡起重物。

    一般现在时 (Simple Present) · It is not long before + 从句（so … that …）

    • It is not long before 表示不久就……
    • accustomed to 后接动名词 swimming
    • so … that 引导结果状语从句

    accustomed to 的 to 是介词，后接 -ing，不能接动词原形。

  5. 5A game that is very popular with these young swimmers is the underwater tricycle race.

    一种深受这些小游泳者喜爱的游戏是水下三轮车比赛。

    一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + 定语从句（that is very popular with …）+ is + 表语

    • that is very popular with 是限定性定语从句
    • popular with sb 表示受某人欢迎

    主语 A game 被定语从句修饰，主句是简单的主系表结构。

  6. 6Tricycles are lined up on the floor of the pool seven feet under water.

    三轮车被排在水下七英尺深的池底。

    一般现在时被动 (Simple Present Passive) · 主语 + are + 过去分词 + 地点状语

    • are lined up 是一般现在时被动
    • seven feet under water 表示水下七英尺

    三轮车是被排好的，所以用被动语态 are lined up。

  7. 7The children compete against each other to reach the other end of the pool.

    孩子们互相比赛，看谁先到达池子的另一端。

    一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + compete against + 宾语 + to do（目的状语）

    • compete against each other 表示互相比赛
    • to reach 是目的状语不定式

    不定式 to reach 说明比赛的目的，不是动词的宾语。

  8. 8Many pedal their tricycles but most of them prefer to push or drag them.

    很多孩子蹬着三轮车，但大多数孩子更喜欢推着或拖着车走。

    一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 but 主语 + prefer + to do or (to) do

    • prefer 后接不定式 to push or drag
    • or 连接的第二个不定式省略 to
    • pedal 作动词表示蹬

    prefer to do 是本课语法点，两个并列不定式共用一个 to。

  9. 9Some children can cover the whole length of the pool without coming up for breath even once.

    有些孩子可以游完整个泳池的长度，一次也不用浮上来换气。

    一般现在时 (Simple Present) · 主语 + can + 动词原形 + 宾语 + without + 动名词

    • without 后接动名词 coming up
    • even once 加强语气，一次也不

    介词 without 后接 -ing，表示"不做某事就……"。

  10. 10Whether they will ever become future Olympic champions, only time will tell.

    他们将来是否能成为奥运会冠军，只有时间才能说明。

    一般将来时 (Simple Future) · Whether 从句（will ever become …）, 主语 + will tell

    • Whether 引导宾语从句提前，作 tell 的宾语
    • only time will tell 意为只有时间能证明

    宾语从句放在句首起强调作用，主句用一般将来时。

  11. 11Meanwhile, they should encourage those among us who cannot swim five yards before they are gasping for air.

    与此同时，他们应该激励我们当中那些游不到五码就喘不过气来的人。

    一般现在时 + 情态动词 (Simple Present with Modal) · 主语 + should + 动词原形 + 宾语 + 定语从句（who cannot swim … before …）

    • should encourage 表示应该
    • who cannot swim 是定语从句
    • be gasping for air 表示喘不过气

    those among us 是宾语，后面的 who 从句修饰它，before 从句用现在进行时。

练习 · 44 题

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  1. 选择正确答案

    1. Children become expert at ____ their breath under water even before they can walk.

  2. 选择正确答案

    2. Babies of two months old do not appear ____ reluctant to enter the water.

  3. 选择正确答案

    3. It is not long before they are so accustomed to ____ that they can pick up weights from the floor of the pool.

  4. 选择正确答案

    4. Many pedal their tricycles but most of them prefer ____ them.

  5. 选择正确答案

    5. Some children can cover the whole length of the pool without ____ up for breath even once.

  6. 选择正确答案

    6. The children enjoy ____ against each other to reach the other end of the pool.

  7. 选择正确答案

    7. Babies are not reluctant ____ the water.

  8. 选择正确答案

    8. Experiments have proved that children can ____ in swimming at a very early age.

  9. 选择正确答案

    9. Tricycles are lined up on the floor of the pool seven feet ____ water.

  10. 选择正确答案

    10. Whether they will ever become future Olympic champions, only time will ____.